Grant’s Dissector, 15th Edition ( PDF )

Grant’s Dissector, 15th Edition

Grant’s Dissector walks students step by step through dissection procedures in the anatomy lab. Each chapter is consistently organized beginning with a brief study of surface anatomy followed by concise coverage of osteology, presenting important foundational structures that will aid in localization of soft tissue structures. Each dissection unit begins with a “Dissection Overview” providing a guide of what is to be accomplished during the dissection session. This is followed by “Dissection Instructions,” with a logical sequence and numbered steps for the dissection. Each dissection concludes with a “Dissection Review” that presents a numbered lists of tasks illustrating the important features of the dissection and encouraging the synthesis of information.

To download :




1 comments:

Clinical Neuroanatomy, 7th edition ( PDF )


Clinical Neuroanatomy, 7th edition
Organized classically by system, this popular text gives medical and health professions students a complete, clinically oriented introduction to neuroanatomy. Each chapter begins with clear objectives, includes clinical cases, and ends with clinical notes, clinical problem-solving, and review questions. Hundreds of full-color illustrations, diagnostic images, and color photographs enhance the text.
This Seventh Edition features new information relating the different parts of the skull to the brain areas, expanded coverage of brain development and neuroplasticity, and updated information on stem cell research.
A companion Website includes the fully searchable text and 454 USMLE-style review questions with answers and explanations.

To download :




0 comments:

Clinical Anatomy by Systems ( PDF )


Clinical Anatomy by Systems
Clinical Anatomy by Systems is the first anatomy textbook featuring a systems-based approach geared to medical school programs that have adopted an integrated, organ system-based curriculum. Based on Dr. Snell’s established and successful gross anatomy textbook, Clinical Anatomy, this book uses most of the schematic illustrations and many of the same pedagogical features to approach the study of anatomy from a systems-based orientation.
Basic anatomy sections supply basic information for diagnostic and treatment purposes and for performing medical procedures. Numerous imaging examples and labeled photographs of cross-sectional anatomy are included to help students think in terms of three-dimensional anatomy. Surface anatomy sections provide surface landmarks of important anatomic structures located beneath the skin and often bypassed by practicing clinicians.
Physiologic and embryologic notes are interspersed with basic anatomical material to point out the functional significance of the material and provide developmental anatomy information that is essential for the understanding of the structure and relationships of organs. Congenital anomalies that may affect the respective organs are listed after these notes.
Chapter opening outlines highlight the important concepts students should take away from each chapter. End-of-chapter review questions and answers provide valuable assistance in board and course review.
A free bound-in CD-ROM contains clinical notes, information on congenital anomalies, radiographic anatomy, and clinical problem-solving exercises. The clinical notes emphasize the structures that the physician will encounter when making a diagnosis and treating a patient. They also provide the anatomic knowledge necessary to understand many procedures and techniques and note the anatomic “pitfalls” commonly encountered. The problem-solving sections consist of case histories followed by multiple-choice questions and answers with rationales.

To download :


0 comments:

Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 3rd Edition ( PDF )


Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 3rd Edition
Now in its third edition, this best selling full-color text is better than ever! We retained all the special features from the previous edition including Career Focus; As the Body Ages; Health Alert; Common Disease, Disorders, and Conditions; Concept Maps, and Body Systems Working Together to Maintain Homeostasis, and added four new features to enhance your learning, broaden your experience of the anatomy and physiology material and help you put it all together. Designed for a one-semester course, this book introduces learners in the allied health field with little or no prior biology knowledge to anatomy and physiology. Content is organized according to body systems, and focuses on the body working together to promote homeostasis. Chapters are self-contained so instructors can teach in any order preferred. Essential laboratory exercises included at the end of chapters provide hands-on lab experience. Key terms with phonetic pronunciations help build vocabulary. The CD-ROM that accompanies the book engages you in learning through interactive activities, quizzes and animations. The book offers a comprehensive supplemental package to support multiple learning styles and leverages the latest technology.Kindle textbooks are functionally equivalent to the print textbook. In some cases, individual items such as ancillary images or multimedia have been removed for digital delivery due to rights restrictions.

To download :


0 comments:

Anatomy & Physiology Made Incredibly Easy 3rd edition ( PDF )

Anatomy & Physiology Made Incredibly Easy 3rd edition


Now updated to full color throughout, Anatomy & Physiology Made Incredibly Easy! Third Edition presents the vast, sometimes overwhelming details of anatomy and physiology in the enjoyable, user-friendly, award-winning Incredibly Easy! style. It reviews the core concepts of A&P and offers detailed coverage of every body system, nutrition, fluids and electrolytes, reproduction and lactation, and genetics. This edition includes a “Practice Makes Perfect” section of NCLEX®-style questions and pocket-sized study cards for on-the-go review.
A companion Website offers new student and instructor resources including study cards, physiology animations, PowerPoint presentations, a test generator, teaching tips, and practice exercises/activities.
To download :











0 comments:

Laboratory Activity Guide for Anatomy & Physiology ( PDF )

Laboratory Activity Guide for Anatomy & Physiology
The very first of its kind, Laboratory Activity Guide for Anatomy & Physiology brings anatomy and physiology to life for entry-level students in one short semester. The integration of form with function clicks for students like never before as they apply their classroom knowledge in the laboratory setting. Covering all of the major body systems as well as other essential topics, this all-purpose manual provides 16 labs to give students invaluable hands-on experience and dozens of activity-based exercises to reinforce what they have learned, while building critical lab skills. An introductory chapter covers lab safety to prepare students for this new environment.
This exciting First Edition lab manual is concise enough to cover one-semester courses as well as versatile enough to be used alongside any anatomy and physiology textbook. In addition, it doesn’t require obscure, costly equipment—this manual works with the resources found in any lab and instructional tools that can be easily acquired. This unique and democratic approach revolutionizes the way A&P programs can be taught. Students reinforce learning through a variety of exercises and questions, including labeling, short answer, fill-in-the-blank, observation, and definitions. Multiple exercises are included in each lab so instructors have the freedom to select which exercises will work for their curriculum and available lab materials.

To download :














0 comments:

Laboratory Atlas of Anatomy & Physiology 6th edition ( PDF )


Laboratory Atlas of Anatomy & Physiology 6th edition
This full-color atlas is intended to effectively supplement the A&P laboratory course and aid students in their studies. Eder’s high-quality visuals, in combination with its unique tables, make it a valuable supplement in any lab course. Tables include terms and definitions as well as descriptions of the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of muscles. This atlas illustrates the dissection structures as they actually exist, so students will be able to easily recognize the parts when they are dissecting or taking an exam.

 To download :






0 comments:

Human Anatomy, 3rd Edition ( PDF )


Human Anatomy, 3rd Edition
With its unrivaled art program and accessible writing style, McKinley/O'Loughlin's Human Anatomy stands apart from other anatomy texts. High-quality photographs paired with brilliantly rendered illustrations help students visualize, understand, and appreciate the wonders of human anatomy. Student-friendly Study Tips, Clinical View boxes, and progressive question sets motivate students to internalize and apply what they've learned.
Users who purchase Connect Plus receive access to the full online ebook version of the textbook.

T o download :









0 comments:

Anatomy Recall Second Edition ( PDF )

Anatomy Recall Second Edition ( PDF )
Anatomy Recall, Second Edition is a concise, affordable, pocket-sized review of the fundamentals of human anatomy. As part of the popular Recall Series, it utilizes a two-column, question-and-answer format that facilitates quick learning of human anatomic facts through repetition.
While not intended as a comprehensive anatomy reference, Anatomy Recall highlights the most important anatomic principles, which are complemented by a wealth of illustrations and anatomic correlations to clinical problems. It is an ideal study guide for medical students in their pre-clinical coursework, undergraduate or nursing anatomy study, clinical rotations, and board review.
New to this Edition:
  • Updated by expert authors, including anatomists, medical students, and surgeons
  • Expanded coverage now includes embryology highlights, summarizing the key anatomic principles of human embryology
  • Clinical Pearls emphasize important clinical correlations to anatomic principles
  • Surgical Anatomy Pearls help third- and fourth-year medical students to prepare quickly for the most common intraoperative anatomy questions
  • Power Review sections help focus last-minute review of the most commonly tested anatomy points
  • Numerous effective illustrations allow correlation of factual information with key anatomical relationship
Anatomy Recall, Second Edition has everything you need for fast learning and recall—and nothing you don't. You won't find a better, more efficient or effective way to master the basics of anatomy.

To download :










0 comments:

Anatomy at a Glance ( PDF )


Anatomy at a Glance ( PDF )
Following the familiar, easy-to-use at a Glance format, and in full-colour, this new edition provides an accessible introduction and revision aid for medical, nursing and all health sciences students. Thoroughly updated and now fully supported by a set of web-based flashcards, Anatomy at a Glance provides a user-friendly overview of anatomy to encapsulate all that the student needs to know.
Anatomy at a Glance:
  • Addresses the basic concepts of anatomy in an highly visual, easy-to-remember way
  • Features two new chapters outlining anatomical terminology and basic embryology
  • Includes more coverage of imaging techniques such as CT and MRI
  • Offers free online flashcards for self-assessment and revision at www.wiley.com/go/anatomyataglance
To download : 




1 comments:

Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery - 25th ( PDF )


baily and love


Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery remains one of the world's pre-eminent medical textbooks, beloved by generations of surgeons, with lifetime sales in excess of one million copies.

Now in its 25th edition, the content has been thoroughly revised and updated while retaining its traditional strengths. Under the stewardship of the eminent editorial team, comprising two editors with experience gained over previous editions and a third editor new to this edition, and in response to reader feedback, the content has been sub-divided into parts to ensure a logical sequence and grouping of related chapters throughout while the text features enthusiastically received in the last edition have been retained. The new edition opens with sections devoted to the underlying principles of surgical practice, investigation and diagnosis, and pre-operative care. These are followed by chapters covering all aspects of surgical trauma. The remainder of the book considers each of the surgical specialties in turn, from elective orthopaedics through skin, head and neck, breast and endocrine, cardiothoracic and vascular, to abdominal and genitourinary.

Key features:
Authoritative: emphasises the importance of effective clinical examination and soundly based surgical principles, while taking into account the latest developments in surgical practice.
Updated: incorporates new chapters on a wide variety of topics including metabolic response to injury, shock and blood transfusion, and surgery in the tropics.
Easy to navigate: related chapters brought together into clearly differentiated sections for the first time.
Readable: preserves the clear, direct writing style, uncluttered by technical jargon, that has proved so popular in previous editions.
User-friendly: numerous photographs and explanatory line diagrams, learning objectives, summary boxes, biographical footnotes, memorable anecdotes and full-colour presentation supplement and enhance the text throughout.

Bailey and Love has a wide appeal to all those studying surgery, from undergraduate medical students to those in preparation for their postgraduate surgical examinations. In addition, its high standing and reputation for unambiguous advice also make it the first point of reference for many practising surgeons. The changes that have been introduced to the 25th edition will only serve to strengthen support for the text among all these groups.

to download :



0 comments:

100 CASES IN SURGERY ( PDF )



100 cases in surgery


The aim of the 100 Cases series is to provide a novel learning and revision tool that works by guiding the reader through clinical cases, imitating those that students and junior doctors are likely to meet in accident and emergency and outpatient departments, and in general practice.
100 Cases in Surgery presents 100 surgical scenarios commonly seen and treated by medical students and junior doctors. The patient's history, examination and initial investigation results are presented alongside questions on the diagnosis and management of each case. The answer includes a detailed discussion on each topic providing an essential revision aid for students and junior doctors.

to download :






0 comments:

NETTERS ATLAS OF EMBRYOLOGY ( PDF )



netter embryology

Here's a rich pictorial review of normal and abnormal human prenatal development. For each body system or region, you'll find a brief description of the developmental plan, with key concepts and terminology, followed by discussions of histological principles, the classification of congenital defects, and basic cellular, molecular, and genetic concepts.  An emphasis on morphological patterns in the embryo and fetus makes it easy to understand the structure and function of the adult body and the embryonic basis of birth defects.
·         Summary tables and terminology sections at the end of each chapter, plus an appendix with all major congenital defects and their embryonic basis, make it easy to review course material and prepare for the USMLE.

To Download :






0 comments:

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Atlas of Anatomy ( PDF )





  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Atlas of Anatomy

Featuring more than 750 new, modern images, the Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Atlas of Anatomy is a vibrantly colored regional atlas of human anatomy offering an unprecedented combination of visual aesthetic appeal and anatomical accuracy. Many student-friendly features set this atlas apart from others on the market, including a unique art style featuring bright colors, color coding of anatomical elements, judicious use of labeling, and no extraneous text.
Each plate teaches specific structures and relationships—displayed using artistic techniques such as “ghosting,” layering, and color selectivity—providing immediate focus and resulting in easier and faster comprehension. This unique pedagogy, in combination with the atlas’ beautiful art style, will make this new anatomy atlas the preferred choice of teachers and students alike.
Packaged with the atlas is an online interactive atlas with all of the images, including fully searchable legends and labels and “zoom and compare” features. Also included are electronic flash cards that permit students to test their knowledge of newly learned concepts and structures.
Also available is an interactive atlas for faculty, which contains all of the images and the figures with slideshow and JPG export features. The image bank provides figures with labels and leaders on, labels off and leaders on, labels and leaders off, and JPG and PDF options. Faculty also have access to Moore: Clinically Oriented Anatomy‘s question test bank, which contains approximately 500 review questions with answers.

Product Details

  • Paperback: 448 pages
  • Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1 edition (February 27, 2008)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: 0781785057
  • ISBN-13: 978-0781785051
  • Product Dimensions: 8.5 x 0.
 Password (if any) is sharemedicalbooks.com or freemedicalbooks.net

Click Here







Irritable bowel syndrome







Irritable bowel syndromeIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects your large intestine (colon). Irritable bowel syndrome commonly causes cramping, abdominal pain, bloating gas, diarrhea and constipation. Despite these uncomfortable signs and symptoms, IBS doesn't cause permanent damage to your colon.
Most people with IBS find that symptoms improve as they learn to control their condition. Only a small number of people with irritable bowel syndrome have disabling signs and symptoms.
Fortunately, unlike more-serious intestinal diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome doesn't cause inflammation or changes in bowel tissue or increase your risk of colorectal cancer. In many cases, you can control irritable bowel syndrome by managing your diet, lifestyle and stress.

References :
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/irritable-bowel-syndrome/DS00106

0 comments:

NOTES human trial on transoral, transvaginal cholecystectomies


In recent years, rapidly emerging technologies and improved techniques have brought minimally invasive endoscopic surgery closer to a once-elusive goal: incisionless surgery. At the forefront of this trend, Columbia and Weill Cornell physicians at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital have been developing NOTES (natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery) in both research and clinical settings.


NOTES human trial on transoral, transvaginal cholecystectomiesNOTES uses various body orifices as points of entry, including the vagina, rectum, and mouth, instead of initiating an operation from the skin. The hope is that NOTES which is being even less invasive than laparoscopic surgery, will be able to reduce or eliminate pain, leave no scars, and shorten recovery time. Possible applications include appendix operations and biopsies, as well as more significant operations such as removing parts of the stomach and intestine. The method challenges the basic paradigm of surgery: the idea that cutting across the lumen of an organ into the patient's abdominal cavity is to be avoided.

"Surgeons are always taught not to cross those walls unless they're operating on that specific organ," said Marc Bessler, MD. "The big issue we've addressed is how to close the organ you're going through, safely."

This Spring at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, Dr. Bessler and his colleagues Dennis L. Fowler, MD, and Peter D. Stevens, MD, used NOTES techniques and laparoscopic assistance to complete the first flexible endoscopic transvaginal cholecystectomy in the United States. They inserted an endoscope through the patient's vaginal wall, then into her body cavity. Using that scope, they detached her gallbladder and removed it through the vagina, which they then sutured. To ensure that the technique was performed as safely as possible, the team used laparoscopic assistance. The first operation involved a few incisions. Soon afterward, the doctors conducted the same surgery on a second patient and made only 1 navel incision measuring 5 mm, which is just wide enough to insert the smallest available standard clip used in laparoscopy.


Marc Bessler, MD
NOTES uses various orifices as points of entry, including the mouth.Based on the successful outcomes of these 2 cases, NOTES seems promising, according to Dr. Bessler. The second patient went home the same day as her surgery and did not need pain medication. Although the idea of operating through a sexual organ might make some people feel uneasy, he explained, the procedure focuses on an area of the vaginal wall near the cervix that has minimal pain sensation and is not involved in sexual function. Dr. Bessler plans to evaluate outcomes after every 10 patients and hopes to soon move into a comparative trial that randomly assigns patients to gallbladder removal by either laparoscopy or NOTES.



At NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, colorectal surgeons are tailoring the NOTES approach to the large intestine, entering the patient's body via the rectum. "We're trying to develop means by which diseases of the large intestine can be entirely treated through the channels of the large intestine," said Jeffrey W. Milsom, MD. "We're doing hybrid endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures using 2 or 3 tiny incisions in the abdomen to augment this capability of removing lesions from inside the colon, which would otherwise require bowel resections."

The NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell team consists of Dr. Milsom along with Toyooki Sonoda, MD, Sang Lee, MD, and Alfons Pomp, MD. Together, they have carried out the hybrid procedure in nearly 40 patients. The group is also conducting lab research in animal and cadaver models to develop completely incisionless procedures, techniques that will eventually treat a variety of diseases including benign intestinal growths, rectal prolapse, strictures, infections that lie adjacent to the colon, and possibly even cancer.

Additionally, Dr. Milsom's team is collaborating with bioengineers at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell to form Minimally-Invasive New Technologies (MINT), a project that explores how technology can expand minimally invasive surgery. For example, imaging modalities such as 3-dimensional CT scanning, ultrasound, and MRI might couple with endoscopy in the operating room, or newly designed scopes could have improved optics and give surgeons better access to insert necessary tools.

"NOTES is the next natural evolution of what we've been doing over the past 15-plus years," said Dr. Milsom, who bases his current work on the more than 3,000 laparoscopic colon resections he has completed during his career. "Surgery is becoming more and more minimized, as the optics and tools used to carry out surgical actions are all becoming more miniaturized. So, it's more evolutionary than revolutionary."


0 comments:

Liposuction Procedure


Diet and exercise can do wonders for the body’s appearance, restoring curves and muscle tone that had been hidden underneath layers of fat for years; unfortunately, those methods are not completely effective. Sometimes, some of the fat clings to your body, refusing to melt away. To remedy these cases, the liposuction procedure is sometimes employed.


Preparing


First, the doctor must determine whether or not the procedure itself will benefit the patient, so there is a kind of screening process. Liposuction is usually recommended for those who are in good health, have only a small amount of fat to lose and have skin that is elastic and will shrink down when the fat is removed.

Once a person has been determined to be a good candidate, they are given an appointment date and instructions for how to prepare (this usually includes dietary restrictions).


In-Patient vs. Out-Patient


These days, liposuction is a simple procedure. When there are small pockets of fat being removed, it is often does as an out-patient procedure. This means you can be in and out of the hospital in a single day.

However, if someone is having fat removed from large areas, or have other potential health complications, they may be required to be an in-patient and stay the night at the hospital for observation.


Fat Removal


As the procedure takes place, the patient is given an anesthetic (either localized for very small fat pockets or general for larger areas). Then, the doctor helps break down the fat in one of several ways. One popular way is to insert a solution into the fat pockets that essentially loosens the fat up. Another way is to use an ultrasound machine to turn the fat into liquid.

Next, the doctor inserts a metal tool called a cannula into the pockets of fat and suctions them out. It is not unlike a vacuum cleaner with an attachment. The doctor continues until the pockets have been mostly removed and your body shape is more appealing.


Liposuction Procedure

Diet and exercise can do wonders for the body’s appearance, restoring curves and muscle tone that had been hidden underneath layers of fat for years; unfortunately, those methods are not completely effective. Sometimes, some of the fat clings to your body, refusing to melt away. To remedy these cases, the liposuction procedure is sometimes employed.


Preparing


First, the doctor must determine whether or not the procedure itself will benefit the patient, so there is a kind of screening process. Liposuction is usually recommended for those who are in good health, have only a small amount of fat to lose and have skin that is elastic and will shrink down when the fat is removed.

Once a person has been determined to be a good candidate, they are given an appointment date and instructions for how to prepare (this usually includes dietary restrictions).


In-Patient vs. Out-Patient


These days, liposuction is a simple procedure. When there are small pockets of fat being removed, it is often does as an out-patient procedure. This means you can be in and out of the hospital in a single day.

However, if someone is having fat removed from large areas, or have other potential health complications, they may be required to be an in-patient and stay the night at the hospital for observation.


Fat Removal


As the procedure takes place, the patient is given an anesthetic (either localized for very small fat pockets or general for larger areas). Then, the doctor helps break down the fat in one of several ways. One popular way is to insert a solution into the fat pockets that essentially loosens the fat up. Another way is to use an ultrasound machine to turn the fat into liquid.

Next, the doctor inserts a metal tool called a cannula into the pockets of fat and suctions them out. It is not unlike a vacuum cleaner with an attachment. The doctor continues until the pockets have been mostly removed and your body shape is more appealing.

Liposuction Procedure

The Recovery Process


Liposuction causes a lot of bruising, soreness and overall exhaustion. The body needs time to recover after the procedure is complete. For small procedures, this can mean just a couple of days while for more extensive liposuction treatments, several weeks may be needed.

Liposuction is a common, quick process, but the specifics of how the procedure will affect you should be discussed with a qualified physician.

A good alternative for the surgery is using smart lipo ..This fat loss treatment would be a great option if you can’t afford surgery cost.




References :
http://www.lifeaura.com/liposuction-procedure/

0 comments:

How is Lasik Performed ?


LASIK or Lasik (Laser-Assisted in situ Keratomileusis), commonly referred to as laser eye surgery, is a type of refractive surgery for the correction of myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. The LASIK surgery is performed by an ophthalmologist who uses a laser or microkeratome to reshape the eye's cornea in order to improve visual acuity. For most patients, LASIK provides a permanent alternative to eyeglasses or contact lenses. Major side effects include halos, starbursts, night-driving problems and eye dryness.

LASIK is most similar to another surgical corrective procedure, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), and both represent advances over radial keratotomy in the surgical treatment of refractive errors of vision. For patients with moderate to high myopia or thin corneas which cannot be treated with LASIK and PRK, the phakic intraocular lens is an alternative.

 Procedure

The procedure involves creating a thin flap on the eye, folding it to enable remodeling of the tissue beneath with a laser and repositioning the flap.


How is Lasik Performed

Preoperative procedures

Contact lenses

Patients wearing soft contact lenses are instructed to stop wearing them 5 to 21 days before surgery. One industry body recommends that patients wearing hard contact lenses should stop wearing them for a minimum of six weeks plus another six weeks for every three years the hard contacts have been worn. The cornea is avascular because it must be transparent to function normally. Its cells absorb oxygen from the tear film. Thus, low-oxygen-permeable contact lenses reduce the cornea's oxygen absorption, sometimes resulting in corneal neovascularization—the growth of blood vessels into the cornea. This causes a slight lengthening of inflammation duration and healing time and some pain during surgery, because of greater bleeding. Although some contact lenses (notably modern RGP and soft silicone hydrogel lenses) are made of materials with greater oxygen permeability that help reduce the risk of corneal neovascularization, patients considering LASIK are warned to avoid over-wearing their contact lenses. Usually, it is recommended that they discontinue wearing contact lenses days or weeks before the LASIK eye surgery.

Pre-operative examination and education

In the USA, the FDA has approved LASIK for age 18 and over.More importantly the patient's eye prescription should be stable for at least one year prior to surgery. The patient may be examined with pupillary dilation and education given prior to the procedure. Before the surgery, the patient's corneas are examined with a pachymeter to determine their thickness, and with a topographer, or corneal topography machine, to measure their surface contour. Using low-power lasers, a topographer creates a topographic map of the cornea. The procedure is contraindicated if the topographer finds difficulties such as keratoconus The preparatory process also detects astigmatism and other irregularities in the shape of the cornea. Using this information, the surgeon calculates the amount and the location of corneal tissue to be removed. The patient is prescribed and self-administers an antibiotic beforehand to minimize the risk of infection after the procedure and is sometimes offered a short acting oral sedative medication as a pre-medication. Prior to the procedure, anaesthetic eye drops are instilled.

Operative procedure 

How is Lasik Performed

Flap creation

A soft corneal suction ring is applied to the eye, holding the eye in place. This step in the procedure can sometimes cause small blood vessels to burst, resulting in bleeding or subconjunctival hemorrhage into the white (sclera) of the eye, a harmless side effect that resolves within several weeks. Increased suction causes a transient dimming of vision in the treated eye. Once the eye is immobilized, the flap is created. This process is achieved with a mechanical microkeratome using a metal blade, or a femtosecond laser that creates a series of tiny closely arranged bubbles within the cornea. A hinge is left at one end of this flap. The flap is folded back, revealing the stroma, the middle section of the cornea. The process of lifting and folding back the flap can sometimes be uncomfortable.

Laser remodelling

The second step of the procedure uses an excimer laser (193 nm) to remodel the corneal stroma. The laser vaporizes the tissue in a finely controlled manner without damaging the adjacent stroma. No burning with heat or actual cutting is required to ablate the tissue. The layers of tissue removed are tens of micrometres thick. Performing the laser ablation in the deeper corneal stroma provides for more rapid visual recovery and less pain than the earlier technique, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). During the second step, the patient's vision becomes blurry, once the flap is lifted. They will be able to see only white light surrounding the orange light of the laser, which can lead to mild disorientation. The excimer laser uses an eye tracking system that follows the patient's eye position up to 4,000 times per second, redirecting laser pulses for precise placement within the treatment zone. Typical pulses are around 1 millijoule (mJ) of pulse energy in 10 to 20 nanoseconds.

Repositioning of the flap
After the laser has reshaped the stromal layer, the LASIK flap is carefully repositioned over the treatment area by the surgeon and checked for the presence of air bubbles, debris, and proper fit on the eye. The flap remains in position by natural adhesion until healing is completed.


Postoperative care
postoperative eye drops


Patients are usually given a course of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye drops. These are continued in the weeks following surgery. Patients are told to rest and are given dark eyeglasses to protect their eyes from bright lights and occasionally protective goggles to prevent rubbing of the eyes when asleep and to reduce dry eyes. They also are required to moisturize the eyes with preservative-free tears and follow directions for prescription drops. Occasionally after the procedure a bandage contact lens is placed to aid the healing, and typically removed after 3–4 days. Patients should be adequately informed by their surgeons of the importance of proper post-operative care to minimize the risk of complications


References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LASIK




2 comments:

Premium Blogspot Templates
Copyright © 2012 Surgery Made Easy